Publish Date: 2022-08-19

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Despite a spell…
Social science…
Railroads…
Shortlists…
The emphasis…
whether…
Stocks…
But…
Rather than dismissing…
So few
But
She exhibits
The potential
The challenge

Despite

当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉（只能从句动词是be才可以）

Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if (researchers are) not centuries

Despite 是引导一个状语状语，对应的是have begun
if 是一个条件状语从句，主语和be动词省略了

transistor 晶体管
circuit n. 电路，v.巡回
microprocessor 处理器
by decades 几十年

Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry, which(先行词是branch of intellectual enquiry) seeks to study humans and their endeavors in（方式状语） the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use（缺了宾语，这里的宾语是前面的说的manner） for the study of natural phenomena

in…manner 用…方式（方式状语）
use 是及物动词，要加宾语，什么是宾语，宾语是动作的承受者，什么词语能够做宾语呢？一般名词，代词宾格，数词，动词不定式，动名词，句子和其他都可以做宾语。但是谓语动词，形容词，介词，副词是一定不能做宾语的

curb n,v 抑制

Curbs（名词，主语） on business-method claims（申请）（介词短语表示补充说明） would be a dramatic about-face(彻底转变), because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving（逗号加doing,这是非谓语动词修饰整个句子，看主语，主语是Federal Circuit，看和主语的关系。Federal Circuit主动赞同了一个专利在这个方面（筹集pooling是名词动词意化）筹集相互基金资产方面） a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets

It is/was … that 强调句，普通句子把要强调的部分放入中间，就构成强调句，删除掉it is/was … that 也是一个完整的句子

非谓语动词是修饰作用，一般就近修饰

The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating(非谓语doing，就近修饰order，而state这里是动词，因此后面的that是宾语从句) that the case would be heard by all 12 court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three(这里的插入语补充说明前面的句子，造成了两个并列的宾语从句的分裂（分裂结构）), and（这里和前面的that并列，因此这里也是state所陈述的内容） that one issue it wants to evaluate（这里是主主谓谓it wants to evaluate是从句，是定语从句，这里的that可以省略，因为这个that做的是宾语，不做主语就可以省略） is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling.

in the grips of sth 控制在…手中
hostility 敌意 hostile 怀有敌意的
hospitality 殷情 hospitable 好客的
militant a 好战的
promise 可以做潜力，希望的意思

Railroads

Railroads justify（证明…合理） rate（比率，也可以做价格的意思） discrimination against(against sb 反对某人，这里是针对某人) captive shippers（受限托运商） on the grounds（以…根据） that(同位语从句) in the long run（长期看来） it reduces everyone’s cost

- against 这里做 **针对**
- rate 价格
- on the grounds 基于...  以...为根据

Shielded

Shielded by third-party payers(付款人) from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless

- Shielded...from 保护...
- Shielded...off 避开，挡开...

while状语从句，主语一致，从句的动词可以直接用ing形式

The emphasis

The emphasis（on是介词短语做后置定语） on data gathered(非谓语做后置定语，这里是修饰data的,被收集的) first hand, combined(伴随状语) with a cross-cultural perspective brought(非谓语做后置定语，修饰perspective，被带来的) to the analysis of cultures past and persent, makes(真正的动词) this study（宾语） a unique and distinctly important social science （宾补）.

动词后面多个名词是可以的，是宾补，修饰前面的宾语

Shortlists

Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and（并列两个简单句） their recipients lose interest as they plough through them

- Shortlists n 入围名单， v 把什么列入名单
- ballot n 选举 v 投票
- draw up 起草
- alphabetically 按字母顺序的
- plough through 费劲地阅读

: 一般是解释说明前面，和all是相同的，同位语

come to 逐渐…
determinism 决定论

whether

主语从句做主语

However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question
- whether引导的两个并列主语从句做is的主语
eg: What she said is

不定式后面也可以是宾语从句
suggest 启发
work through 逐渐…克服…
They are working through the negative feelings generated during the day.

And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed(利用) but actually brought under consious control, to help us sleep and feel better.

harnessed 利用，这个单词很好用（在论文中）
to help do sth 固定搭配

Misfortune may be an actual（这里连读 /bi na/） blessing

department stores 百货商店

be immune to 对…免疫
yet 并列连词，表示前后两句话的转折关系
assimilate 同化

lean v 倾斜的，a 肉少的，贫乏的
hold v 保留…
all over 到处都是; 到处，遍及; 全部完结;
sleeper 露宿者

thought they come from all over

a set of 一套，一组
sovereign n 君主，独立自主的
viable 可行的

eluded 难倒
suit sb to do sth 让某人去做某事

Stocks

Stocks rushed lower on a jarring(使某人不安) inflation report, dashing hopes(破碎美梦) of many investors that prices would cool to allow The Federal Reserve to pause their aggressive effort to slow the economy with interest rate increases sometime soon.

On the

On the other hand, he did not accept as（后面没有动词，因此这里是连词） well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was（while） a good observe, he had(that) no power of reasoning.

Well founded 有事实依据的
charge 指责
reasoning 推理
这里的made，只有done，没有be,并且后面是by，同时semantic上也是passive

But

that when…., 句子… 这里的that连词连的是后面的句子，而不是when….

Rather than dismissing

注意这里的the more…–the mroe–the more, 中间的the more做的是插入语

dismissing A as B 轻视A为B
只有主句会发生到装，从句是不会倒装的

the new habits

Instead, the new habits(名词后面加人称代词是不对的，明显这里要断开，这里的that引导的定语从句做后面press new habits 宾语，因此可以省略) we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.

which a sample is compared to

分号和冒号都可以加一个完整的句子

Meanwhile

Meanwhile, many settlers had slighter religious cimmitments than Dane’s, as(代表many settlers had slighter religious cimmitments) one clergyman learned（many settlers had slighter religious cimmitments） in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New World for religion

as引导的是非限制定语从句
as 可以引导定语从句，状语从句

published in… 是newspaper reviews的定语，直接放前面翻译

So few

“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are (read)’

只要是定语都可以放前面翻译，applied 做 a term of contempt定语，就是 applied a term of contempt，同时writers又是applied的定语，就是 writers applied a term of contempt…

anything less 绝不是
provocative 煽动性的

But

But it’s interesting to wonder if the images（省略了that，定从） we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped （省略that宾从）getting “the Rachel” might make us look(make sb do) just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.

stress-free 无压力的
happiness-enhancing 增强幸福
make sb do sth

instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised（宾语从句） it would not:challenge the constitutionality（合宪性） of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as(原因状语) part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running.

: 就是解释说明，解释前面的句子或者单词

The challenge

The challenge(省略 that，定从) the computer mounts（上演）（the challenge) to television thus bears little similarity to onr format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players

she exhibits

she exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy

whether（不管） it is in food or in energy（whether省略，is提到居首变be,倒装）

The potential

The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is(不是are,所以and后面的作插入语，前面的才是主句) dazzlingly complicated, and it’s(形式主语，一般主语在最后) perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to expore the many possibilites we can envisage

it 引导的主语从句一定要试着还原，一般主语在最后， to expore the many possibilites is perhaps best left to science fiction…

envisage v. 正视，想象
dazzlingly adv. 灿烂地,耀眼地

as 引导的原因状语从句

Even the

Even the very phrase “jobseeker’s allowance”-invented in 1996-is about redefining the unemployed as “jobseeker” who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she had earned through right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions